《中國的能源政策（2012）》白皮書
White Paper: China's Energy Policy 2012

: 0 Comment(s)打印 E-mail China.org.cn　 2012-10-25

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——體制機制不斷完善。市場機制在資源配置中發揮出越來越大的作用。能源領域投資主體實現多元化，民間投資不斷發展壯大。煤炭生產和流通基本實現市場化。電力工業實現政企分開、廠網分離，監管體系初步建立。能源價格改革不斷深化，價格形成機制逐步完善。開展了煤炭工業可持續發展政策措施試點。制定了風電與光伏發電標桿上網電價制度，建立了可再生能源發展基金等制度。加強能源法制建設，近年來新修訂出臺了《節約能源法》、《可再生能源法》、《循環經濟促進法》、《石油天然氣管道保護法》以及《民用建筑節能條例》、《公共機構節能條例》等法律法規。	-- Energy systems and mechanisms gradually improving. The market mechanism is playing an increasingly important role in resource allocation. Investors in the energy field are diversified, and private investment in it keeps growing. Market competition has been introduced into the production and distribution of coal. In the electric power industry, government administrative functions and enterprise management have been separated, as has power production from power transmission, and a supervisory system has taken shape. Energy pricing reform has been deepening, and the pricing mechanism is gradually improving. Relevant policies and measures for the sustainable development of the coal industry have been tried out. The state has also established a feed-in tariff (FIT) system for wind and photovoltaic power generation, and a renewable energy development fund. The legal system of energy-related laws has been strengthened, and a number of laws and regulations have been amended and published in the past few years, including the Energy Conservation Law, Renewable Energy Law, Circular Economy Promotion Law, Law on the Protection of Oil and Natural Gas Pipelines, Regulations on Energy Conservation in Civil Buildings, and Regulations on Energy Conservation by Public Institutions.
作為世界第一大能源生產國，中國主要依靠自身力量發展能源，能源自給率始終保持在90%左右。中國能源的發展，不僅保障了國內經濟社會發展，也對維護世界能源安全作出了重大貢獻。今后一段時期，中國仍將處于工業化、城鎮化加快發展階段，能源需求會繼續增長，能源供應保障任務更加艱巨。	As the world's largest energy producer, China mainly relies on its own strength to develop energy, and its rate of self-sufficiency has reached around 90 percent. China's energy development not only guarantees domestic economic and social development, but also makes significant contributions to global energy security. For some time to come, China's industrialization and urbanization will continue to accelerate, and the demand for energy will go on increasing, and so its energy supply will confront increasingly tougher challenges.
——資源約束矛盾突出。中國人均能源資源擁有量在世界上處于較低水平，煤炭、石油和天然氣的人均占有量僅為世界平均水平的67%、5.4%和7.5%。雖然近年來中國能源消費增長較快，但目前人均能源消費水平還比較低，僅為發達國家平均水平的三分之一。隨著經濟社會發展和人民生活水平的提高，未來能源消費還將大幅增長，資源約束不斷加劇。	-- Prominent resources restraint. China's per-capita average of energy resources is low by world standards. China's per-capita shares of coal, petroleum and natural gas account for 67 percent, 5.4 percent, and 7.5 percent of the world's averages, respectively. Although China has experienced rapid growth in energy consumption over the past few years, its per-capita energy consumption is still low - only one third of the average of developed countries. But as the economy and society progress and living standards improve, China's energy consumption will continue to rise sharply, and there will be a growing restraint on resources.
——能源效率有待提高。中國產業結構不合理，經濟發展方式有待改進。中國單位國內生產總值能耗不僅遠高于發達國家，也高于一些新興工業化國家。能源密集型產業技術落后，第二產業特別是高耗能工業能源消耗比重過高，鋼鐵、有色、化工、建材四大高耗能行業用能占到全社會用能的40%左右。能源效率相對較低，單位增加值能耗較高。	-- Low energy efficiency. China's industrial structure is yet to be rationalized and the economic growth pattern to be improved. Energy consumption per unit of GDP is much higher than those of developed countries and some newly industrialized countries. Energy-intensive industries are backward in technology. The percentage of energy consumption by the secondary industries, especially the energy-intensive industrial sectors, is too high in the country's total. The energy consumption of four major energy-intensive industries - steel, non-ferrous metals, chemicals, and building materials - accounts for 40 percent of the national total. Low energy efficiency results in high energy consumption for every unit of GDP.
——環境壓力不斷增大。化石能源特別是煤炭的大規模開發利用，對生態環境造成嚴重影響。大量耕地被占用和破壞，水資源污染嚴重，二氧化碳、二氧化硫、氮氧化物和有害重金屬排放量大，臭氧及細顆粒物(PM2.5)等污染加劇。未來相當長時期內，化石能源在中國能源結構中仍占主體地位，保護生態環境、應對氣候變化的壓力日益增大，迫切需要能源綠色轉型。	-- Increasing environmental pressure. Extensive development of fossil energy, particularly coal, has had a serious impact on the eco-environment. Large areas of arable land are taken up for other uses or even spoiled, water resources are seriously polluted, the discharge of carbon dioxide (CO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and toxic heavy metals remains high, and emissions of ozone and particles smaller than 2.5 micrometers (PM2.5) are increasing. For a long time to come, fossil energy will continue to dominate the energy consumption mix, posing a growing challenge for protecting the environment and countering climate change. A more environment-friendly energy mix is urgently needed.
——能源安全形勢嚴峻。近年來能源對外依存度上升較快，特別是石油對外依存度從本世紀初的32％上升至目前的57％。石油海上運輸安全風險加大，跨境油氣管道安全運行問題不容忽視。國際能源市場價格波動增加了保障國內能源供應難度。能源儲備規模較小，應急能力相對較弱，能源安全形勢嚴峻。	-- Grave challenges to energy security. The country's dependence on foreign energy sources has been increasing in recent years. In particular, the percentage of imported petroleum in the total petroleum consumption has risen from 32 percent at the beginning of the 21st century to the present 57 percent. Marine transportation of petroleum and cross-border pipeline transmission of oil and gas face ever-greater security risks. Price fluctuations in the international energy market make it more difficult to guarantee domestic energy supply. It will not be easy for China to maintain its energy security since its energy reserves are small and its emergency response capability is weak.
——體制機制亟待改革。能源體制機制深層次矛盾不斷積累，價格機制尚不完善，行業管理仍較薄弱，能源普遍服務水平亟待提高，體制機制約束已成為促進能源科學發展的嚴重障礙。	-- Reforms called for current systems and mechanisms. Energy-related systems and mechanisms still suffer from some long-term, deep-rooted problems. The energy pricing mechanism is yet to be perfected, and industrial management is still weak. The overall service level needs to be enhanced. Overall, restraints of the current systems and mechanisms have seriously hindered the rational development of the country's energy industry.
中國能源發展面臨的這些問題，是由國際能源競爭格局、中國生產力水平以及所處發展階段決定的，也與產業結構和能源結構不合理、能源開發利用方式粗放、相關體制機制改革滯后密切相關。中國將大力推動能源生產和利用方式變革，不斷完善政策體系，努力實現能源與經濟、社會、生態全面協調可持續發展。	The above problems challenging China's energy development are a result of the international energy competition, and China's levels of productivity and development, as well as the country's irrational industrial structure and energy mix, extensive development and utilization of energy resources, and sluggish reform of relevant systems and mechanisms. Therefore, China will vigorously promote the transformation of its energy production and utilization modes, continuously improve its energy policy, and strive to achieve a comprehensive, balanced and sustainable development of its energy, economy, society and eco-environment.