2012年美國的人權紀錄（全文）
Full text: Human Rights Record of the United States in 2012
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| 六、關于侵犯他國人權 | VI. On U.S. Violations of Human Rights against Other Nations |
| 美國是冷戰結束后世界上對外發動戰爭最頻繁的國家。美國發動的伊拉克戰爭和阿富汗戰爭造成大量平民傷亡。制止戰爭聯盟網站2012年6月14日的文章說，2001－2011年間，每年約有14000至110000名平民死于美國領導的“反恐戰爭”。聯合國駐阿富汗援助團推算，2007年到2011年7月，至少有10292名阿富汗平民被打死。伊拉克“死亡人數統計項目”記錄，2003年至2011年8月，有約115000名平民死亡。在巴基斯坦、也門和索馬里，有許多平民死于美軍炮火。2004年至2012年6月，巴基斯坦至少有484名平民死于美軍襲擊行動，其中包括168名兒童。美軍在也門的攻擊行動造成了56名平民死亡。（見注68）駐阿富汗美軍頻繁使用無人機越過阿富汗和巴基斯坦邊界，對巴基斯坦邊界地帶發動攻擊。（見注69）2012年9月25日《每日郵報》報道稱，美國無人轟炸機在巴基斯坦境內殺死的每50人中，只有一個是恐怖分子，其余49人都是無辜平民。（見注70） | Since the end of the Cold War, the U.S. has waged wars on other countries most frequently. The wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, both started by the U.S., have caused massive civilian casualties. From 2001 to 2011, the U.S.-led "war on terror" killed between 14,000 and 110,000 per year, said an article posted on the website of Stop the War Coalition on June 14, 2012 (stopwar.org.uk, June 14, 2012). The UN Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA) tallied at least 10,292 non-combatants killed from 2007 to July 2011. The Iraq Body Count project records approximately 115,000 civilians killed in the cross-fire from 2003 to August 2011. According to the article, beyond the two states under occupation, the "War on Terror" has spilled into a number of neighboring countries including Pakistan, Yemen and Somalia, killing a great many civilians there. From 2004 to the time the article was written, a minimum of 484 civilians, including 168 children, were killed in strikes that occurred in Pakistan. It was also reported by the media that strikes resulted in 56 civilian deaths in Yemen, the article added. A news report, posted on BBC's website on September 25, 2012, pointed at recurrent U.S. drone attacks in the border regions of Afghanistan and Pakistan (www.bbc.co.uk, September 25, 2012). "Just one in 50 victims of America's deadly drone strikes in Pakistan are terrorists - while the rest are innocent civilians," said an article posted on September 25, 2012, on the website of the Daily Mail (www.dailymail.co.uk, September 25, 2012). |
| 駐阿富汗美軍無端屠殺平民。2012年3月11日凌晨3時，駐阿富汗美軍士兵羅伯特·貝爾斯走出位于南部省份坎大哈的基地，來到附近的一個小村莊，進入兩戶人家。他在第一戶人家開槍打死了一名男子，屋里其他人逃到了鄰居家躲避。貝爾斯接著又去了第二戶人家，開槍打死3人，打傷6人。貝爾斯返回基地，與一名士兵聊了一會后又離開軍營，到另一個村莊，闖入一戶人家，射殺了10多名熟睡的村民。貝爾斯總計殺死17名無辜村民，其中包括9名兒童。行兇之后，貝爾斯還把多具尸體聚攏在一起，放火燒毀。（見注71） | U.S. soldiers in Afghanistan also kill civilians for no reason. U.S. soldier Robert Bales was reported to walk out of a military base in the southern province of Kandahar at 3 o'clock on the night of March 11, 2012 and killed 17 civilians, including nine children. Bales split the slaughter into two episodes, returning to his base after the first attack and later slipping away to kill again. He first came to one family in a nearby village and shot a man dead, which scared others in the family to hide in neighborhood. Then he went to a second family and shot dead three people and injured six. Afterwards, he returned to his base and left for another village after chatting with one soldier at the base. In the village, he broke into a family and shot dead more than 10 people who were sound asleep. After the massacre, he collected some of the bodies and burned them.( The Agence France-Presse, March 23, 2012; The Associated Press, March 24, 2012; The Huffington Post, November, 11, 2012) |
| 以美國為首的軍事行動制造了生態災難，伊拉克戰后兒童出生缺陷率 “驚人增加”。（見注72）國際石油變革組織負責人史蒂夫·克雷茨曼說：“2003年3月到2007年12月，伊拉克戰爭是相當于至少1.41億噸二氧化碳排放的罪魁禍首……這場戰爭的排放量超過了其他國家總量的60%。”（見注73）英國《獨立報》網站2012年10月14日報道稱，由于美軍使用了釋放金屬污染物的白磷彈等，伊拉克戰爭后，伊拉克嬰兒的出生缺陷率大幅增加。在曾經發生兩場激烈戰斗的伊拉克城市費盧杰，嬰兒出生缺陷率由戰前的10%猛增到2007－2010年的50%以上，孕婦流產率在2004年后兩年內由10%躍升到45%。 | U.S.-led military operations have also brought forth ecological disasters. An article posted on the website of The Independent on October 14, 2012 cited a study that reported a "staggering rise" in birth defects among Iraqi children conceived in the aftermath of the war (www.independent.co.uk, October 14, 2012). Steve Kretzmann, director of Oil Change International, said that the Iraq war was responsible for at least 141 million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (MMTCO2e) from March 2003 through December 2007, according to a piece posted on December 21, 2009 on coto2.wordpress.com (coto2.wordpress.com, December 21, 2009). "The war emits more than 60 percent of all countries," said Kretzmann. A study, cited by an article posted on the website of The Independent on October 14, 2012, linked a huge rise that Iraq had recorded since the war in birth defects with military actions in which American forces used metal contaminant-releasing white phosphorus shells. It found that in the Iraqi city of Fallujah, which saw two of the heaviest battles during the Iraq war, more than half of all babies surveyed were born with a birth defect between 2007 and 2010. Before the war, the figure was more like one in 10. More than 45 percent of all pregnancies surveyed ended in miscarriage in the two years after 2004, up from the previous 10 percent (www.independent.co.uk, October 14, 2012). |
| 美國士兵嚴重侮辱阿富汗人的尊嚴，褻瀆他們的宗教感情。法新社2012年9月24日報道稱，在2011年7月的一次軍事行動中，4名美國海軍陸戰隊員一邊笑著一邊向3具血淋淋的尸體撒尿，其中一名美軍沖著其中的一具尸體說：“伙計，祝你有美好的一天。”他們把這個過程錄了下來，并在互聯網上傳播。2012年2月，美軍駐阿富汗巴格拉姆空軍基地的士兵把一批伊斯蘭宗教書籍運到垃圾填埋場焚燒，其中包括500本《古蘭經》，激起公憤。（見注74） | U.S. soldiers have also severely insulted Afghan people's dignity and blasphemed against their religion. The AFP reported on September 24, 2012 that during a counter-insurgency operation in July 2011, four U.S. Marines urinated on three bloodied bodies of dead Taliban fighters, and one said, "Have a great day, buddy," to one of the dead. A videotape depicting their actions was recorded and later circulated on the Internet (The Agence France-Presse, September 24, 2012). In February 2012, U.S. troops at Bagram air base provoked public indignation by taking a batch of religious materials, including 500 copies of the Koran, to the incinerator, said a news story posted on the website of the Washington Post on August 27, 2012 (www.washingtonpost.com, August 27, 2012). |
| 美國在關塔那摩監獄長期非法關押外國人，截至2012年1月，該監獄中仍然關押著171人。（見注75）美國拒絕給予他們日內瓦公約規定的戰俘權利，并用酷刑虐待他們。美國相關機構透露，為逼迫關押在關塔那摩監獄中的嫌犯招供，美方曾對部分犯人施水刑多達100余次，有時使用半自動武器或電鉆加以脅迫，甚至以性侵嫌犯母親相威脅。（見注76）2012年9月，也門人阿德南·法爾漢·拉蒂夫死于關塔那摩監獄，成為第9個死于該監獄的囚犯。他從2002年1月關塔那摩監獄成立起就被關押在那里，但是從未受到刑事指控。（見注77）聯合國人權事務高級專員皮萊2012年1月23日發表公開聲明稱，關塔那摩監獄存在包括酷刑在內的嚴重侵犯人權行為，但是侵犯人權者未受應有懲罰。（見注78） 有美國知名人士指出，美國政府的反恐政策至少違反了《世界人權宣言》30條規定中的10條，包括禁止“殘忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或懲罰”。（見注79） | The U.S. army has for long detained foreigners illegally at the Guantanamo prison. By January 2012, 171 people were still held there, said an article posted on the website of Watching America on January 17, 2012. They were denied the rights accorded to prisoners of war under the Geneva Conventions, and savagely tortured (www.watchingamerica, January 17, 2012). American authorities have revealed that, in order to obtain confessions, some of the few being tried (only in military courts) have been tortured by waterboarding more than 100 times or intimidated with semiautomatic weapons, power drills or threats to sexually assault their mothers, said an article posted on the website of the New York Times on June 24, 2012 (www.nytimes.com, June 24, 2012). Media reported that in September 2012, a 32-year-old Yemeni named Adnan Farhan Abdul Latif died at the Guantanamo Bay detention camp, the ninth to have died there while in custody. He had been held at the detention camp since it was established in January 2002, without being charged with any crime (abcnews.go.com). On January 23, 2012, the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Navi Pillay spoke out against the failure by the U.S. to close the Guantanamo Bay detention facility and to ensure accountability for serious violations - including torture - that took place there (www.un.org, January 23, 2012). A noted American wrote in an article that the American government's counterterrorism policies "are now clearly violating at least 10 of the declaration's 30 articles, including the prohibition against 'cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment'" (www.nytimes.com, June 24, 2012). |
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美國拒絕承認絕大多數國家普遍重視的發展權。2012年9月舉行的人權理事會第21次會議通過發展權決議時，美國是唯一投反對票的國家。第67屆聯合國大會以188票贊成、3票反對、2票棄權再次通過決議，要求美國中止對古巴長達半個世紀的經濟封鎖。美國不顧絕大多數聯合國成員的意愿，繼續投了反對票。（見注80） 注68：制止戰爭聯盟網站（stopwar.org.uk），2012年6月14日。 注69：英國廣播公司網站（www.bbc.co.uk），2012年9月25日。 注70：每日郵報網站（www.dailymail.co.uk），2012年9月25日。 注71：法新社，2012年3月23日；美聯社，2012年3月24日；《赫芬頓郵報》網站（www.huffingtonpost.com），2012年11月11日。 注72：英國《獨立報》網站，2012年10月14日。 注73：coto2.wordpress.com，2009年12月21日。 注74：美國有線電視新聞網（edition.cnn.com），2012年2月22日。 注75：美國觀察網站（watchingamerica.com），2012年1月17日。 注76：《紐約時報》網站（www.nytimes.com），2012年6月24日。 注77：美國廣播公司網站（abcnews.go.com），2012年9月11日。 注78：聯合國網站（www.un.org），2012年1月23日。 注79：《紐約時報》網站（www.nytimes.com），2012年6月24日。 注80：聯合國文件編號：GA/11311。 |
The U.S. refuses to acknowledge "the right to development," which is a common concern among the majority of countries. In September 2012, the 21st session of the United Nations Human Rights Council (HRC) adopted a resolution on "the right to development." Except an abstention vote from the U.S., all the HRC members voted for the resolution. The 67th session of the UN General Assembly overwhelmingly adopted the 21st consecutive resolution, by a recorded vote of 188 in favor to three against with two abstentions, calling for an end to the U.S.' 50-plus years of economic blockade against Cuba. One of the three dissenting votes was from the U.S. (United Nations document number GA/11311) |
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