《新疆生產建設兵團的歷史與發展》白皮書
White Paper: The History and Development of the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps
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調整字號大小: 
| 三、開發與建設 | III. Development and Construction |
| 兵團的經濟建設是新疆維吾爾自治區經濟建設的重要組成部分。長期以來，特別是改革開放后，兵團充分發揮自身優勢，積極適應市場經濟要求，調整經濟結構和轉變發展方式，大力推進城鎮化、新型工業化和農業現代化建設，著力保護生態環境，改善民生，促進就業，提高公共服務和社會保障水平，各項事業取得顯著成就。 | The economic development of the XPCC is an important part of the comprehensive economic development of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. For a long time, and particularly since the launch of the reform and opening-up policy, the XPCC has vigorously advanced urbanization, new industrialization, and agricultural modernization by exploiting its native advantages to embrace market demands, adjusting the economic structure and transforming the mode of development. It has made great efforts to protect the ecological environment, improve people's livelihood, boost employment, and raise the level of public services and social security, thus making remarkable achievements in all undertakings. |
| 不斷提升綜合經濟實力。2013年兵團生產總值達1499.87億元人民幣，比兵團成立時的1954年增長了220倍，年均增長9.6%；比1981年兵團恢復時增長了22.9倍，年均增長10.4%。農業基礎地位進一步加強，新型工業化進程加快，工業成為主導產業，第三產業在經濟發展中的作用日益突出。2013年，三次產業結構比為29.0:41.8: 29.2。 | Constantly increase comprehensive economic strength. The total output value of the XPCC in 2013 was RMB 149.987 billion, 220 times that in 1954 when it was established, with an annual growth of 9.6%; and 22.9 times that in 1981 when the XPCC was reinstated, with an annual growth of 10.4%. The position of agriculture as foundation of the economy has strengthened, new industrialization accelerated with industry predominant, and tertiary industry has become growingly prominent in economic development. In 2013 the proportion of the three industries was 29.0:41.8:29.2. |
| 大力推進城鎮化建設。在中央和自治區的統一領導和規劃下，兵團以人口分布、土地利用空間為重點，統籌產業布局和城鎮布局，按照“師市合一、團鎮合一”的原則和師建城市、團場建鎮的思路，大力推進城鎮化進程。截至目前，兵團已建成阿拉爾市、鐵門關市、圖木舒克市、雙河市、五家渠市、石河子市、北屯市等7個縣級市和金銀川鎮、草湖鎮、梧桐鎮、蔡家湖鎮、北泉鎮等5個建制鎮，初步形成以城市、墾區中心城鎮、一般團場城鎮、中心連隊居住區為發展架構，與新疆城鎮職能互補，具有兵團特色的城鎮體系，城鎮化率已達62.3%。城鎮基礎設施明顯改善，公共服務設施不斷完備，城鎮規劃、建設、管理、服務水平顯著提高。兵團城鎮已經逐步發展為區域的經濟和文化中心，成為人口、資金、產業、人才、文化、教育、醫療衛生等資源的集聚之地，推進了新疆城鎮化進程。石河子市2000年被聯合國評為人類居住環境改善良好范例城市，2002年被正式命名為國家園林城市。 | Vigorously promote urbanization. Under the unified leadership and planning of the central government and Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, the XPCC, with population distribution and land utilization as the focus, coordinates industry and city/town layouts to promote urbanization under the principle of divisions supporting the construction of cities and regiments supporting the construction of towns. Up to now, the XPCC has built the seven county-level cities of Alar, Tiemenguan, Tumushuke, Shuanghe, Wujiaqu, Shihezi and Beitun, and the five administrative towns of Jinyinchuan, Caohu, Wutong, Caijiahu and Beiquan, so forming an urban layout with cities at the center, surrounded by towns in reclamation areas, towns built on farmland by regiments, and company residence zones. As an urban complex with Corps characteristics, they complement the function of local cities and towns. The XPCC's urbanization rate has reached 62.3%. Its urban infrastructure has markedly improved, public service facilities have been steadily completed, and urban planning, construction, management, and service levels significantly enhanced. This urban complex has gradually become a regional economic and cultural center, and a population, capital, industry, human resource, culture, education and medical and health resource hub, so boosting Xinjiang's urbanization process. The UN rated Shihezi in the year 2000 as the Model City for Betterment of Residential Environment and in 2002 the state designated it as a National Garden City. |
| 大力推進新型工業化建設。兵團的工業從農副產品加工業起步，逐步形成以輕工、紡織為主，鋼鐵、煤炭、建材、電力、化工、機械等多門類的工業體系，為新疆現代工業發展奠定了基礎。21世紀初國家實施西部大開發戰略以來，兵團立足新疆資源和地緣優勢，形成了食品醫藥、紡織服裝、氯堿化工和煤化工、特色礦產資源加工、石油天然氣化工、新型建材和裝備制造等支柱產業。由兵團生產的節水灌溉器材、番茄制品、棉紡錠等產量和規模名列全國前茅。2013年，兵團實現工業增加值426.61億元人民幣，比上年增長27.8%，占兵團生產總值的28.5%，工業對兵團生產總值的貢獻率達45.3%。 | Vigorously promote new industrialization. Having started from the processing of farm and sideline products, the XPCC has gradually formed an industrial system that features the dominant role of textiles and light industry but also encompasses iron and steel, coal, building materials, electricity, chemical engineering, and machinery production, so laying a solid foundation for Xinjiang's modern industrialization. Since the adoption of the Western Development Strategy at the beginning of the 21st century, the XPCC has developed pillar industries, such as food and pharmaceuticals, textiles and garments, chemical industry in chlorine, alkali and coal, special mineral resource processing, petrochemicals, new building materials, and equipment manufacturing. It leads the country in both output and production scale of water-saving irrigation equipment, tomato products, and cotton textile spindles. In 2013 the XPCC's industrial added value was RMB 42.661 billion, an increase of 27.8% over the previous year, accounting for 28.5% of the Corps' total output value. The contribution ratio of industry to its total output value stood at 45.3%. |
| 大力推進農業現代化建設。農業是兵團的基礎產業和優勢產業。兵團始終堅持走農業現代化之路，大規模引進、吸收、研發和推廣先進生產技術，持續開展規模化、機械化、現代化國營農場建設，開創了新疆現代農業的先河。2007年以來，兵團大力推進全國節水灌溉示范基地、農業機械化推廣基地、現代農業示范基地等“三大基地”建設，在節水灌溉、農業機械和植物育種與栽培、牲畜育種與飼養等先進技術的引進和研發上取得突破，并在全疆大規模推廣應用。依靠科技創新和組織化規模化的優勢，兵團的農業現代化建設取得顯著成效。2013年，兵團高新節水灌溉占有效灌溉面積的74.4%，綜合機械化水平達92%，農作物精量半精量播種面積857.20千公頃、測土配方施肥面積超過682.33千公頃。兵團已建成國家重要的優質商品棉和特色林果生產基地。棉花總產量達146.52萬噸，分別占新疆及中國棉花總產量的41.6%和23.2%，棉花單產、機械化率、人均占有量連續多年位居全國首位。番茄、紅棗、蘋果、香梨、葡萄、核桃、薰衣草等特色農產品已形成優勢，有91個農產品被評為中國和新疆名牌或馳名商標。 | Vigorously promote agricultural modernization. Agriculture is the XPCC's fundamental and competitive industry. While adhering to the road of agricultural modernization, the XPCC massively introduces, absorbs, studies, and promotes advanced production technologies, and continues to build large-scale, mechanized and modernized state-owned farms, a pioneering effort in Xinjiang's modern agriculture. Since 2007, the XPCC has proactively promoted the construction of water-saving irrigation demonstration bases, mechanized farming bases, and modern agriculture demonstration bases. It has made breakthroughs in the introduction of and research into water-saving irrigation, agricultural machinery, plant breeding and cultivation, livestock breeding, and feeding technologies, all of which it has popularized and applied in scale across Xinjiang. Thanks to its technological innovation, and strength in well-organized large-scale production, the Corps has made marked progress in agricultural modernization. In 2013 irrigation areas applying high-tech water-saving technologies took up 74.4% of the total, the comprehensive mechanization level reached 92%, the sown area with precise and half-precise drilling skills totaled 857,200 hectares, and soil tested for fertilization formulation exceeded 682,330 hectares. The XPCC has built key national production bases for quality commodity cotton and local fruit. The total output of cotton was 1.4652 million tons, taking up 41.6% of Xinjiang's and 23.2% of the national total. The per unit yield, mechanization rate, and per capita availability of cotton has been top in the country for years. Cultivation of farm produce such as tomatoes, dates, apples, pears, grapes, walnuts, and lavender has become its advantage, 91 of them recognized as brand products or well-known Xinjiang and China trademarks. |
| 著力加強生態文明建設。兵團多數團場建在沙漠邊緣和邊境沿線，是抵御風沙襲擊、保護新疆綠洲的第一道屏障。多年來，兵團把區域生態環境建設擺在突出位置，通過大規模植樹造林、興修水利、防風固沙、排鹽治堿、節水灌溉，對800千公頃的荒漠植被采取封沙育林育草等措施，逐步建起環繞塔克拉瑪干和古爾班通古特兩大沙漠的綠色生態帶，形成喬木、灌木、草場結合的綜合防護林體系，在茫茫戈壁荒漠上建成了綠洲生態經濟網。通過大力推廣噴、滴、微灌等節水技術，年農業節水量超過10億立方米，增加了向下游河道的下泄水量，一些已經萎縮甚至干涸的湖泊重現生機，改善了沙漠邊緣的生態環境，創造了“人進沙退”的奇跡。至2013年，兵團建成近3000千公頃的人工新綠洲，森林覆蓋率達20%；絕大多數團場實現了農田林網化，80%以上農田得到林網的有效保護。 | Make efforts to enhance ecological conservation. Most of the XPCC's farms are built along the borders of deserts and frontiers as the first defense against sandstorms to protect Xinjiang's oases. For years, the XPCC has planted trees and built water conservancy projects to inhibit winds and fix sand, control soil salinization, and develop water-saving irrigation, so prioritizing local eco-environmental construction. Through planting trees and grass to fix sand on 800,000 hectares of desert, the XPCC has gradually built two green ecological zones surrounding the Taklimakan Desert and Gurbantunggut Desert, forming a comprehensive shelterbelt network of trees, shrubs and grassland. An economic network of ecological-friendly oases has been completed on the vast desolate desert. Promoting water-saving technologies such as sprinklers and drip and micro-irrigation systems has saved more than one billion cubic meters of annual irrigation water, thus increasing the volume of water that runs to downstream river way. Shrinking, sometimes dried out lakes begin to show signs of renewal, and the ecological environment bordering the desert has improved, creating a miracle whereby desertification has been prevented through human efforts. By 2013 the XPCC had built a total of nearly three million hectares of artificial oases, with a forest coverage rate of 20%. Most of the farmland has been surrounded by networks of trees, placing more than 80% of farmland under their effective protection. |
| 著力改善民生。兵團始終把保障和改善民生放在優先位置，著力解決好職工群眾最關心最直接最現實的利益問題，促進社會公平正義，增進職工群眾福祉，實現發展成果更多更公平惠及職工群眾。經過多年努力，兵團的居民收入、住房、社會保障、就業等民生水平有了相當程度的提高。2013年，兵團城鎮居民人均可支配收入2.31萬元人民幣、團場農牧工家庭人均純收入1.43萬元人民幣、在崗職工平均工資4.40萬元人民幣，分別比上年增長17.8%、18.2%、17.4%；近幾年，兵團累計投入347.8億元人民幣改善民生，開工建設城鎮保障性住房14.3萬戶，實施城鎮棚戶區改造7.2萬戶，完成農村安居工程5.5萬戶。截至目前，已有70%以上的職工群眾遷居新房。城鎮居民養老保險實現全覆蓋，參加基本醫療保險226.48萬人，9.4萬人享受最低生活保障，20多萬人次得到醫療救助。2013年，兵團從業人數達125.34萬人，在崗職工71.11萬人，全年新增勞動力就業8.57萬人，年末城鎮登記失業率2.55%。 | Make efforts to improve people's livelihood. The XPCC has always prioritized ensuring and improving people's livelihood. It has made every effort to address practical problems of the greatest and most direct concern to the people to promote social equality and justice, and to bring welfare to workers, so enabling them to benefit from the development achievements in a fairer way. After years of effort, people's livelihood, including incomes, housing conditions, social security, and employment level, has significantly improved. In 2013 the per capita disposable income of the XPCC's urban residents was RMB 23,100, an increase of 17.8% over the previous year; the per capita net income of households engaged in farming and animal husbandry was RMB 14,300, an 18.2% increase over the previous year; and the average salary of employed workers was RMB 44,000, 17.4% higher than the previous year. The XPCC has invested a total of RMB 34.78 billion in recent years in improving people's livelihood, starting the construction of 143,000 units of indemnificatory housing, transforming urban shanty towns encompassing 72,000 households, and completing rural housing projects benefiting 55,000 households. By now, more than 70% of workers have moved into new housing. The XPCC has achieved full endowment insurance coverage for urban residents. Moreover, it has acted to give 2.2648 million people basic medical insurance cover and more than 200,000 people medical assistance, and designated 94,000 people as entitled to subsistence allowances. Its workforce last year stood at 1.2534 million employees, with 711,100 incumbent workers, and 85,700 new employees in the labor force. The urban unemployment rate at the end of 2013 was 2.55%. |
| 全面發展社會事業。兵團建立了從幼兒教育到大學教育的完整教育體系，實現了基本普及九年制義務教育和基本掃除青壯年文盲。截至2013年，兵團擁有普通和成人高等學校7所、中等職業學校24所、普通中學243所、小學55所，各民族在校生48.13萬人。兵團的科技事業不斷發展，擁有農墾科學院等科學研究與技術開發機構18個，各類專業技術人員約12萬人。建有各類重點實驗室14個，企業技術中心40個，工程技術研究中心24個。兵團公共文化服務體系建設步伐加快，建立了影劇院、文化館、博物(紀念)館、圖書館(室)、文化廣場等一批文化活動場所，擁有專業文藝團體8個、業余文藝團隊數百個，廣播電視播出機構197座、網站66家，廣播、電視綜合覆蓋率分別達到97%和98.8%，公開出版發行報刊雜志35種，每年出版各類文化圖書100多種。兵團不斷加大醫療衛生投入，建立了較為完善的公共衛生服務體系，醫療衛生條件不斷改善，職工群眾健康水平得到明顯提高。擁有各類衛生機構1348個，各類衛生技術人員2.48萬人，平均每千人擁有執業(助理)醫師3.18人、注冊護士3.89人、醫院床位10張。2013年人口死亡率為4.94‰，嬰兒死亡率為7.56‰，人均期望壽命76.79歲。 | Comprehensively develop social undertakings. The XPCC has established a complete education system from preschool through to university, implementing basic nine-year compulsory education and eliminating illiteracy among young and middle-aged people. By 2013 this included seven institutions of higher learning, 24 secondary vocational schools, 243 middle schools, and 55 primary schools enrolling 481,300 students of all ethnic groups. The XPCC has made constant progress in science and technology undertakings. It now has 18 science and technology research institutions, such as the academy of land reclamation sciences, employing a total of 120,000 technical staff of various backgrounds. It has also built 14 key labs in different fields, 40 technical centers for enterprises, and 24 engineering research centers. The XPCC has speeded up construction of a public cultural service system, having built a group of cultural facilities that include theaters, cultural centers, museums, memorial halls, libraries, and cultural squares. There are eight professional theater troupes, hundreds of amateur theater troupes, 66 websites, and 197 radio and television broadcasting agencies with coverage rates of 97% and 98.8% respectively. There are also 35 newspapers and magazines, and more than 100 titles of culture-related books are published annually. The XPCC has moreover constantly increased input into public health, having built a relatively complete public health service system to help improve the comprehensive conditions of workers' healthcare. To date, there are 1,348 health agencies employing 24,800 medical workers, with an average 3.18 practicing (assistant) doctors, 3.89 registered nurses, and 10 hospital beds for every thousand people. In 2013 the mortality rate was 4.94 per thousand, the infant mortality rate 7.56 per thousand, and the average life expectancy was 76.79 years. |
| 不斷提升對外開放水平。兵團發揮農業生產及農副產品加工領域的產業特長，大力發展口岸經濟和物流產業，積極開拓中亞及歐洲等國際市場，進出口商品的品種和總量逐漸擴大。目前，兵團已擁有5個國家級經濟技術開發區和24個自治區、兵團級園區，與160多個國家和地區建立了經貿關系，與20多個國家和地區開展經濟技術合作。2013年，兵團進出口總額達115. 91億美元，其中貨物出口額103. 7億美元，對外承包工程和勞務合作營業額5.42億美元。 | Constantly improve the level of opening up. The XPCC is vigorously developing its port economy and logistics industry and actively expanding its international markets in central Asia and Europe by exploiting its strengths in agricultural industry and processing of farm and sideline products as the variety and volume of its imports and exports gradually increase. Currently, the XPCC has five state-level economic and technological development zones and 24 industrial zones at autonomous region and Corps level. It has established economic and trade relations with more than 160 countries and regions and is carrying out economic and technological cooperation with more than 20 countries and regions. In 2013 the XPCC's import and export volume totaled US$ 11.591 billion, with exports of US$ 10.37 billion and turnover in overseas contracted projects and labor service cooperation of US$ 542 million. |
| 兵團各項事業取得重大成就，是一代代兵團人實踐“熱愛祖國、無私奉獻、艱苦創業、開拓進取”的兵團精神的結果。60年來，兵團人克服罕見的生存、生產困難，扎根邊疆，報效國家，在天山南北、亙古荒原上創造出人類發展奇跡。兵團的發展，也是在中央政府、新疆維吾爾自治區和全國各省市長期支持幫助下實現的。多年來，中央財政對兵團的投入力度逐步加大。2010年中央政府明確提出，對自治區的支持政策，兵團同樣適用；對困難地區和對口支援的政策，所在地兵團師團場同樣適用。新疆維吾爾自治區向兵團劃撥土地、草場和水利資源、礦山資源，撥售機器設備，出臺適用于兵團的政策，直接支持兵團的開發與建設，促進兵團與地方經濟的融合發展。全國其他各省市也以對口的形式向兵團提供了大量的資金、技術和人才支援，對兵團的經濟社會發展起到了重要作用。 | The XPCC's achievements in various undertakings are attributable to its embodiment of the spirit of "loving the motherland, selfless devotion, hard work, and forging ahead with pioneering endeavors." Over the past six decades, people in the XPCC, in spite of exceptional subsistence and production difficulties, have settled in the borderlands to serve the country. They have created development miracles around the Tianshan Mountains and vast areas of wilderness. The XPCC's development has also received continuous support from the central government, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and other provinces and cities. For years, the central government has stepped up its financial support for the XPCC. In 2010 the central government stated explicitly that policy support for the autonomous region applies also to the Corps, and that policies for poverty-stricken areas and for partner assistance also apply to division and regimental farms in the same areas. Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region allocates land, pasture, water and mineral resources, and machinery and equipment to the Corps. It formulates policies applicable to the Corps, gives direct support to its development and construction, and promotes integrated development of the Corps and the local economy. Other provinces and cities have also provided considerable support to the Corps in capital, technology, and human resources, all of which have been of tremendous help in boosting its economic and social development. |
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