National Ecological Conservation Pilot Zone
In August 2016, Guizhou was listed as one of the country's first national ecological conservation pilot zones to press ahead with reform and innovation and put in place systems for promoting ecological progress. In September 2017, the General Office of the CPC Central Committee and the General Office of the State Council issued the Implementation Plan for National Ecological Conservation Pilot Zone (Guizhou), defining the mission of making Guizhou a colorful province of parks. It was also made clear that important progress should be made in the reform for ecological advancement by 2018, with replicable systems established in some important fields. Moreover, the province should put in place sound systems for promoting ecological progress featuring clearly defined property rights, diverse participants, as well as equal emphasis on incentives and constraints by 2020. To date, Guizhou has achieved 34 core institutional outcomes and created a pertinent institutional framework. Thirty of its reform outcomes in 13 aspects have been listed as good practices to be promoted across the country.
Guizhou fully embraces the system of river (lake) chiefs and forest chiefs. It has taken the lead to ban cage culture in all water bodies and fishing in key areas of the Yangtze River Basin. The quality of surface water is generally good. The proportion of days with good air quality in a year in cities above the county level has stayed above 95% and forest coverage has reached 60% in the province.
Guizhou now has 318 protected areas of all kinds, with a total area of 34,387,000 mu (a Chinese unit of area, roughly equal to 0.067 hectare), including 89 nature reserves, 53 wetland parks and 97 forest parks. There are 181 species of wild animals and 79 species of wild plants under prioritized national protection.
The ecological restoration in Guizhou is a miracle. The province's forest coverage was just 9% in 1949, increased to 30.83% in 2000, thanks to afforestation efforts over half a century, and reached 60% in 2020. Compared with the early years of the People's Republic of China, the province's forest area has increased by more than 100 million mu, and the per capita forest area has exceeded 2,000 square meters.
Guizhou has also contributed to global carbon emissions reduction. According to a paper published in the journal Nature, the carbon dioxide uptake by new forests in China's southwest and northeast regions, including Guizhou, has been underestimated. The land biosphere in the southwest region is now the largest carbon sink in China, accounting for about 31.5% of the country's land carbon sinks, far ahead of other regions.
國家生態(tài)文明試驗區(qū)
2016年8月,貴州省列為首批國家生態(tài)文明試驗區(qū),承擔生態(tài)文明體制改革創(chuàng)新試驗,著力建立完善生態(tài)文明制度體系。2017年9月,中共中央辦公廳、國務(wù)院辦公廳印發(fā)《國家生態(tài)文明試驗區(qū)(貴州)實施方案》,明確貴州要以建設(shè)“多彩貴州公園省”為總體目標,到2018年,生態(tài)文明體制改革取得重要進展,在部分重點領(lǐng)域形成一批可復(fù)制可推廣的生態(tài)文明制度成果。到2020年,全面建立產(chǎn)權(quán)清晰、多元參與、激勵約束并重、系統(tǒng)完整的生態(tài)文明制度體系,為其他地區(qū)生態(tài)文明建設(shè)提供可借鑒可推廣的經(jīng)驗。截至目前,貴州34項核心制度成果全面完成,生態(tài)文明“四梁八柱”制度框架全面建立,13個方面、30項改革成果列入國家推廣清單。
貴州全面推行河(湖)長制、林長制,率先全流域取締網(wǎng)箱養(yǎng)殖,完成長江流域重點水域退捕禁捕,地表水水質(zhì)總體優(yōu)良;縣城以上城市空氣質(zhì)量優(yōu)良天數(shù)比率保持在95%以上;森林覆蓋率達到60%。
目前,貴州各類自然保護地達318個,保護地總面積達3438.7萬畝;其中,自然保護區(qū)89個,濕地公園53個,森林公園97個。全省列入國家重點保護野生動物181種,野生植物79種。
貴州的生態(tài)修復(fù)是一個奇跡。1949年森林覆蓋率僅9%;到2000年,用了半個世紀植樹造林,森林覆蓋率提高到30.83%;到2020年,森林覆蓋率實現(xiàn)翻番提高到60%。和新中國成立初比,全省森林面積凈增1億多畝,人均森林面積達到2000多平方米。
貴州也為全球減碳作出了貢獻。根據(jù)《自然》雜志發(fā)表的論文,包括貴州在內(nèi)的西南地區(qū)和東北地區(qū)新造樹林吸收二氧化碳規(guī)模被低估了。西南地區(qū)的陸地生物圈已成為中國最大的碳匯,約占全國陸地碳匯的31.5%,遙遙領(lǐng)先于其他地區(qū)。
