Ancient Oversight System
The oversight system in ancient China was established as part of the feudal state system to oversee government officials, maintain social order, and ensure the orderly functioning of the state. The oversight institutions and officials were responsible for monitoring the implementation of laws and regulations, maintaining the coherence of state laws and regulations, and participating in and supervising the handling of major cases by central and local judicial authorities.
The origins of the ancient Chinese oversight system can be traced back to the pre-Qin period (770-221 B.C.). The system was formally established during the Qin and Han dynasties (221B.C. - A.D. 220), and it provided a model for later dynasties to follow with necessary adjustments. It became a well-structured system in the Tang Dynasty (618-907), underwent further improvements in the Song and Yuan dynasties (960-1368), and reached its peak in the Ming and Qing dynasties (1368-1911). The Ming rulers centralized the power of oversight by establishing the Censorate. The Qing court enacted the Qin Ding tai Gui, the most complete ancient Chinese oversight code. The system played an important role in the governance of ancient China, and can serve as an important reference framework for modern oversight theories and practices.
古代監(jiān)察制
中國古代監(jiān)察制度是中國古代封建國家為監(jiān)督政府官員，維護統(tǒng)治秩序，保證國家機器正常運轉(zhuǎn)而設(shè)立的國家監(jiān)督制度。中國古代監(jiān)察機構(gòu)和官員的主要職責包括監(jiān)督法律、法令的實施，維護國家法律、法令的統(tǒng)一，參與、監(jiān)督中央和地方司法機關(guān)對重大案件的審理等。
中國古代監(jiān)察制度萌芽于先秦時期。秦漢是監(jiān)察制度的創(chuàng)立階段，并為其后歷代王朝提供了仿效和演繹的基礎(chǔ)。唐朝形成了傳統(tǒng)監(jiān)察制度較為完備的形態(tài)。歷經(jīng)宋元并于明清時期，中國古代監(jiān)察制度達到頂峰。明朝大力加強監(jiān)察權(quán)力的集中統(tǒng)一運用，形成了都察院制度，清代還制定了中國古代最完備的一部監(jiān)察法典《欽定臺規(guī)》。中國古代監(jiān)察制度是傳統(tǒng)大一統(tǒng)國家治理的重要基礎(chǔ)和支撐，為當代監(jiān)察制度的理論與實踐提供了重要參考和依據(jù)。
