I 背景介紹

       根據(jù)多年來對(duì)雅思寫作大作文的分析研究，盡管議論文的話題繁多，但其問題模式都可以歸屬于兩大類——討論類和分析解決類。討論類常見的如：

       To what extent do you agree or disagree?

       What is your opinion?

       Discuss both the advantages and disadvantages.

       而分析解決是指對(duì)某一負(fù)面現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行原因的分析，再給出解決方法。如：

       Discuss the possible causes of this phenomenon and suggest some recommendations about how to combat it.

       上述兩類相信參加過雅思考試或者在準(zhǔn)備的烤鴨們都已經(jīng)非常熟悉了，那么在考試中出現(xiàn)幾率較高的是第一類討論型的題目，占了百分之八十以上，所以學(xué)會(huì)此類題目的論證過程的擴(kuò)展對(duì)議論文分?jǐn)?shù)的提高起關(guān)鍵作用。

       在雅思寫作的評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中，我們看到前兩個(gè)評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中，均出現(xiàn)了對(duì)段落擴(kuò)展的描述，第一個(gè)評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)task response，指任務(wù)完成度，在文章內(nèi)容方面的體現(xiàn)即文章是否回答了題目的關(guān)于topic的論證；是否都圍繞主題，無偏題離題現(xiàn)象發(fā)生；能否完整全面的對(duì)話題進(jìn)行論證。而第二點(diǎn)coherence and cohesion，指連貫和銜接。內(nèi)容是否連貫，很大程度上取決于論證過程的擴(kuò)展是否有緊密關(guān)聯(lián)，有無邏輯性。可見議論文論證過程的合理有邏輯的擴(kuò)展非常重要。

       II 讓步段的概念及用法

       在議論文中，常見的論證方法很多，如舉例子、解釋、類比、對(duì)比、列數(shù)據(jù)等，今天專家要給大家總結(jié)介紹一類在論證中能體現(xiàn)論證的全面性的方法，即讓步的論證方法，首先我們來看幾個(gè)句型：

       1. As is granted, ... However, convincing arguments have been made that...

       2. Opponents would argue that... However, ...

       3. Although/ In spite of the fact that..., people tend to believe that...

       4. It is undeniable that...

       從以上三個(gè)句型，我們看出讓步就是先退一步承認(rèn)自己不同意的一個(gè)事實(shí)，再對(duì)其進(jìn)行反駁。如某人去面試，老板要拒絕聘請(qǐng)錄用這個(gè)員工，他會(huì)在拒絕前先說一番承認(rèn)這個(gè)人在某些方面還不錯(cuò)的一些話，這就是讓步。這樣論證的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是更加全面，不會(huì)一味的一邊倒，片面的認(rèn)為一個(gè)事件的存在只有優(yōu)點(diǎn)或只有缺點(diǎn)，且論證也更有說服力。這種論證方法常出現(xiàn)在討論類的單邊論證中，我們來看一個(gè)題目：

       The main purpose of public libraries is to provide books and they should not waste their limited resources and space on providing expensive hi-tech media such as computer software, videos and DVDs. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

       針對(duì)這樣一個(gè)題目，通過審題，題目要求考生探討圖書館是否需要提供高科技媒體。根據(jù)分析，我們可以得出單邊論證的結(jié)構(gòu)，同意提供多媒體。具體結(jié)構(gòu)參照如下：

       Introduction: State my opinion

       The hi-tech media should been provided by the public libraries.

       Body:

       Ph 1 Making concession

       Multimedia facilities are expensive.

       Ph 2 Reason one to support my opinion

       Hi-tech media can store information much longer than traditional means.

       Ph 3 Reason two to support my opinion

       Visiting a library with multimedia access is much more interesting.

       Conclusion: Restate my opinion

       The investment is justified and should be encouraged.

       從上述結(jié)構(gòu)我們看出作者的觀點(diǎn)是支持提供高科技媒體，但這個(gè)論證過程非常全面。它先在論證的第一段就退一步承認(rèn)其缺點(diǎn)，然后再就這一點(diǎn)進(jìn)行反駁，這個(gè)段落就是讓步段。參考之前提供句型，得出這一段：

       Opponents of a high-tech library would argue that multimedia facilities are expensive. This may be true to some extent, because a DVD player is often more expensive than a bookshelf. However, with immense storage capacity, these new high-tech media can actually save the most valuable resource-space.