Manchu
  Korean
  Hezhe
  Mongolian
  Daur
  Ewenki
  Oroqen
  Hui
  Dongxiang
  Tu
  Salar
  Bonan
  Yugur
  Uygur
  Kazak
  Kirgiz
  Xibe
  Tajik
  Ozbek
  Russian
  Tartar
  Tibetan
  Moinba
  Lhoba
  Qiang
  Yi
  Bai
  Hani
  Dai
  Lisu
  Va
  Lahu
  Naxi
  Jingp
  Blang
  Achang
  Pumi
  Nu
  De'ang
  Drung
  Jino
  Miao
  Bouyei
  Dong
  Shui
  Gelo
  Zhuang
  Yao
  Mulam
  Maonan
  Jing
  Tujia
  Li
  She
  Gaoshan
 
 
 
  The Daur ethnic minority



????The Daurs live mainly in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and Heilongjiang Province. About several thousand of them are found in the Tacheng area in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region in northwest China. They are descendents of Daurs who moved to China's western region in the early Qing Dynasty (1644-1911). The Daurs speak a language related to Mongolian and used Manchu during the Qing Dynasty as their written language. Since the 1911 Revolution, mandarin Chinese has replaced Manchu.
????The biggest Daur community is in the Morin Dawa Daur Autonomous Banner, which was set up on August 15, 1958 on the left bank of the Nenjiang River in Heilongjiang Province. This 11,943 sq. km.-area has lush pasture and farmland. The main crops are maize, sorghum, wheat, soybeans and rice. In the mountains which border the Daur community on the north are stands of valuable timber -- such as oak, birch and elm -- and medicinal herbs. Wildlife, including bears, deer, lynx and otters are found in the forests. Mineral deposits in the area include gold, mica, iron and coal.

History
????The Daur people are thought to be descended, along with the Ewenkis and Oroqens, from the Khitan nomads, who founded the Liao Dynasty (916-1125). They originally inhabited the lower reaches of the Heilong River.
????In the early Qing Dynasty, the Daurs had a diversified economy which comprised fishing, hunting, farming and stock raising. They traded hides for metal implements, cloth and other articles from the more economically advanced Hans.
????During the reign of Emperor Shun Zhi (1644-1662), the Daurs moved south and settled on the banks of the Nenjiang River, from where they were constantly conscripted to serve in the armies of the Qing emperors and in garrisons all over the Chinese empire. The Daurs helped to repel Cossack invaders from Tsarist Russia in 1643 and 1651. When the Japanese invaded China??s Northeast in 1931, the Daurs opposed them and helped the resistance forces until liberation in 1945.

Traditional Economy and Customs
????Before the founding of the People??s Republic of China in 1949, the Daurs had a well developed agriculture, with per-hectare yield of grain reaching 350 kg. They raised horses and oxen. Those living in the mountainous north of the area were also engaged in hunting, charcoal burning, edible plants gathering, tanning, and the manufacture of carts and wooden pipes. Distribution of land and animals was very uneven, with the big landlords exploiting the majority of the people.
????Monogamy was the general rule, and marriages were arranged by the parents. A man from a different clan would go to live with his wife's family, but had no claim of their property. Closest ties are those between brothers-in-law. All important celebrations require the presence of the brothers-in-law and their families, who send gifts to new-born children.
????The religion of the Daurs was shamanism, while a few were followers of Lamaism. The biggest festival of the year was held in May, when pigs and oxen would be sacrificed to the gods to ensure prosperity for the coming year. At the Spring Festival, sacrifices were made to the ancestors and firecrackers set off in the evening. Everyone joined in a round of visits to their neighbors to partake of steamed New Year cakes and give presents of various delicacies.
????Pipes are passed to visitors, men and women alike, as a sign of respect. Girls make elaborate tobacco pouches and slip them into the pockets of young men who take their fancy.
????Wrestling, horse racing and archery are popular sports among the Daurs. They also play a kind of football with a ball made of ox hair.
????Daur villages are neat, usually built on mountain slopes and facing streams, and the houses have courtyards surrounded by wickerwork fences.
????The women have always been renowned for their needlework, decorating their clothing with fine patterns. Men wear straw hats in summer or simply tie a piece of white cloth around their foreheads. In winter they wear leather caps with ear flaps. Women wear white cloth socks and patterned shoes in summer, donning leather boots and long gowns in winter.
????Typical of the daily diet of the Daurs is millet or buckwheat noodles mixed with milk, buckwheat cakes and oat porridge cooked with soybeans. Game figures high on the list of Daur delicacies, especially deer meat, pheasant and duck. They cultivate a variety of vegetables.
????Inseparable from the Daur scene is the "leleche" -- a small cart with large wheels drawn by an ox.

Cultural Life
????The Daurs have a rich repertory of folk dances which they love to perform during festivals. Women participate in group singing and most women own a musical instrument called a "mukulian." Men play a similar instrument, but the women are the most accomplished players.
????Daur folk literature is mostly based on observations of nature, but it also contains a wealth of legends and fables. One of their most popular stories is called "The Young Stalwart and Dai Fu." It tells of the struggles of the Daurs against national oppression and their feudal rulers in the latter part of the 19th century. Also famous among the Daurs are stories by Ahlabudan, a Qing Dynasty author, such as "Fringed Iris Pouch," "Song of the Four Seasons" and "Song of Refraining from Drinking." Also well known are tales adapted from classical Chinese novels. The best-read contemporary works are those by a Daur writer named Qin Tongpu, such as "A Farmer's Song," "Song of the Fishermen" and "Song of the Lumbermen." The Daurs have a love for poetry, which they compose in several unique verse forms. Their long winter evenings are also enlivened by oral literature, riddles and proverbs, as well as handicrafts such as toy making, embroidery and paper cuts.
????The dead are buried in graveyards arranged according to family lineage. Buried along with the deceased are ornaments, tobacco pipes, cooking utensils, and sometimes slaughtered horses.

Life Today
????Nirji Town is the seat of the government of the Morin Dawa Daur Autonomous Banner (County). The town has a People's Cultural Palace, and thriving machine-building, repair, food-processing and chemical industries.
????There are more than 100 settlements in the region and seven autonomous townships -- all nowadays linked by roads and a railway. Local cadres have been trained to administer the banner.
????Industry has come to the Daur community for the first time, with factories producing electric motors, transformers and chemical fertilizer. Farm machinery and power supply sources have also contributed greatly to the development of agriculture.
????With the development of education, nearly all Daur children of school age now attend primary schools. An increasing number of young Daurs go to middle schools and colleges.
????Epidemics, particularly "keshan" disease which affects the heart, are a thing of the past now that the banner has some 30 medical centers.

 

????
涓荤珯铚樿洓姹犳ā鏉匡細 鍥戒骇鑹茬患鍚堝ぉ澶╃患鍚堢綉| 涓や釜浜簑ww鍏嶈垂楂樻竻瑙嗛| free鈪箈x69鎬ф缇庢寜鎽�| 娆х編浜氭床涓€鍖轰簩鍖轰笁鍖哄洓| 鍥戒骇缁煎悎绗竴椤�| 涔呬箙99绮惧搧涔呬箙涔呬箙涔呭櫆鍣�| 娴崱濂冲ぉ澶╀笉鍋滄尐cao鏃ュ父瑙嗛| 鍥戒骇濂界埥鈥﹀張楂樻疆浜嗘瘺鐗�| jizz鏃ユ湰鍦ㄧ嚎鎾斁| 鏃ラ煩娆х編浜氭床涔辩爜涓枃瀛楀箷| 鍏嶈垂鏃犵爜涓枃瀛楀箷A绾ф瘺鐗�| 鍗堝鎬ц壊鍚冨ザ娣讳笅闈�69褰遍櫌| 寮鸿鎵掑紑鍙岃吙鐚涚儓杩涘叆| 浜氭床涓箙鏃犵爜姘镐箙鍦ㄧ嚎瑙傜湅鍚� | 澶╂捣缈艰棰戝湪绾�| 涔呬箙绮惧搧涓€鍖轰簩鍖�| 鐖辨儏宀涜鍧涗簹娲插搧璐ㄨ嚜鎷嶈棰戠綉绔� | 浜氭床鍗堝绮惧搧涓€鍖轰簩鍖�| 绮惧搧鏃犵爜鍥戒骇鑷骇鎷嶅湪绾胯鐪嬭湝| 鍥戒骇绮惧搧h鍦ㄧ嚎瑙傜湅| 涓€鏈竴閬撲箙涔呯患鍚堜箙涔�| 鏆栨殩鍏嶈垂楂樻竻鏃ユ湰闊╁浗瑙嗛| 浼婁汉涔呬箙绮惧搧鏃犵爜AV涓€鍖�| 闈掗潚鍥戒骇绾垮厤瑙�| 鍥戒骇绮惧搧濂充汉鍛诲悷鍦ㄧ嚎瑙傜湅| 銆婃孩鍑恒€媌y娌堢朝鍦ㄧ嚎闃呰| 鏃ユ湰鐖界埥鐖界埥鐖界埥鍦ㄧ嚎瑙傜湅鍏�| 浜氭床娆х編鏃ラ煩涔呬箙绮惧搧绗竴鍖�| 缇庡浗寮忕蹇岀熆妗ョ熆缃戠11闆�| 鍥戒骇绮惧搧涔呬箙涔呬箙涔呬箙涔卥t| 91绮惧搧娆х編浜у搧鍏嶈垂瑙傜湅| 鎴愪汉鏃犵爜鍗堝鍦ㄧ嚎瑙傜湅| 浜旀湀濠峰┓涓侀鍦ㄧ嚎| 鐔熷婵€鎯呭唴灏刢om| 鍥戒骇69绮惧搧涔呬箙涔呬箙APP涓嬭浇| 浜氭床娆х編瑙嗛浜屽尯| 澶у鐢熺編濂虫瘺鐗囧厤璐硅棰�| 涓枃瀛楀箷榛戜汉鍊熷绁炲瀵�| 鏋佸搧缇庡コ涓濊琚殑缃戠珯| 浜氭床缁煎悎婵€鎯呭叚鏈堝┓濠峰湪绾胯鐪�| 鑰佸徃鏈虹簿鍝佸湪绾�|