雙邊論證
然而通過朗閣海外考試研究中心寫作組的專家總結發現,近年來,劍5和劍6后面考官提供的高分甚至滿分范文都采用了另一種論證方法,稱為雙邊論證。雙邊論證基本為四段論,它與單邊的最大區別在正文,正文兩段分別對題干提出的兩個觀點或優缺點進行論證。我們也通過下圖來認識此種結構:
Introduction
Background+ My Opinion / Layout
Body:
1. Opinion One / Advantage
Topic sentence+ Reason One + Supporting Sentences
+ Reason Two + Supporting Sentences
2. Opinion Two/ Disadvantage
Topic sentence+ Reason One + Supporting Sentences
+ Reason Two + Supporting Sentences
+ Reason Three + Supporting Sentences
Conclusion:
Statement of My Opinion (for opinion two/ more disadvantages than advantages)
此類結構是雙邊傾向性結構,是雙邊結構中的一種。對大多數中國學生來說,雙邊結構較單邊結構最大的優點是論證過程比較容易擴展。雙邊論證指正文兩段分別論述下兩個觀點或優缺點。可以做一個有趣的比喻(引自朗閣海外考試研究中心主任寧園老師),雙邊論證的結構就像是在打一場官司,引言段引出話題,可以看作是書記員來宣布審理的案件,正文兩段分別是兩個觀點,可以理解為被告和原告的辯護律師來列舉對自己有利的證據,結尾段得出觀點,即法官在總結了被告原告律師的發言后,得出自己的答案,同意哪一方,是否定罪。
通過上面對單邊、雙邊結構的介紹,考生可得出結論,上面列舉的5個問題,1、2、3、5題可用單邊論證,而這5題都可以用雙邊論證來寫,第4題只能用雙邊論證,題干已經明確要求討論兩個方面。
II 分析解決型
此類問題模式通常會給出一個話題,如juvenile delinquency,要求考生分析產生此問題的原因,并給出一些緩解的方法。我們首先也來熟悉下此類問題模式
1). Crime is increasing in many countries. Discuss some of the reasons for this increase and suggest some ways in which government can combat the problems.
2). Nowadays, people are facing more and more work-related stress. State the possible reasons for this phenomenon and make some recommendations about how to solve it.
3). What are some of the problems associated with the drug abuse? Give some suggestions about how to alleviate it?
4). Overpopulation of the elderly is increasingly severe in almost every country. Analyze some reasons and state the effects on the society.
上面兩題中共同出現的兩個信號詞分別是reasons,suggestions,problems和effects。所以有這四個詞我們可以確定它為分析解決型,和討論類題目有著本質的區別。它們所對應的文章結構見下圖。
Introduction
Background + layout
Body:
1. Reasons / Problems
Topic Sentence + Reason One / Problem One + supporting sentences
+ Reason Two / Problem Two + supporting sentences
2. Suggestions / Effects
Topic sentence + Suggestion One / Effect One + ss
+ Suggestion Two / Effect Two + ss
Conclusion:
Restatement of the Body
上述結構是分析解決型的一種非常常見的對應結構,我們應該問什么答什么。有時題目會出現只問problems或reasons,結構也要相應的發生變化,即只回答幾個問題或原因。
得出文章的結構是解題的基礎和關鍵,但事實上,在考試過程中,因為時間很緊,花在得出結構的時間就應該相應的縮短,建議是考生在拿到一個題目審題后,應該在二十秒左右的時間內就反應出文章的結構。考生可通過上述結構自己再考前準備模板,這對提高解題速度有很大的幫助。
(來源:朗閣海外考試研究中心)
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