(一)分詞的獨立主格結構
對于主句來說,分詞結構通常充當主句的狀語。用狀語的分詞短語的時態要根據分詞與主句中謂語的時間關系確定;分詞的語態要根據分詞與主句中主語的關系確定。若分詞的邏輯主語不是主句的主語時,必須要自帶。自帶的方法為:with/without+名詞/代詞+分詞。這種結構通常被稱為“獨立分詞結構”。分詞在句中作狀語,用來進一步說明謂語動詞的動作,或者說明整個句子所表達的概念。
1. 獨立主格結構常放在句首。表示時間、條件、原因時,其作用分別相當于一個時間、條件、原因狀語從名句。表示伴隨方式時,相當于一個并列句。如:
Supper finished (=After supper was finished), we started to discuss the picnic.
吃完晚飯,我們開始討論野餐的事。
All the tickets having been sold out (=As all the tickets have been sold out), we had to wait for the next week's show.
所有的票都賣出去了,我們只好等著看下周的演出。
2. 表示獨立主格結構中的being常省略。如:
The football match (being) over, crowds of people poured out into the street.
足球賽已結束,人群便涌到大街上。
Nobody (being) in, I didn't enter the hall.
里面沒有人,我沒進大廳。
3. 表示伴隨方式的獨立主格結構,有時可用“with+賓語+賓語補足語”的結構來替換。如:
He lay there thinking, his hands behind his head (with his hands behind his head).
他雙手放在頭下,躺在那里思考著。
The river looks more beautiful, flowers and grass growing on both sides (=with flowers and grass growing on both sides).
這條河看上去更加漂亮,因為兩岸長滿了鮮花和綠草。
with+賓語+賓語補足語的結構是英語中常見常用的結構,其賓語補足語可以是現在分詞、過去分詞、不定式、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語等,在句中可作定語,也可作狀語,表示原因、方式等。如:
The children looked at us, with their eyes opening wide.
孩子們眼睛睜得大大地看著我們。
I would miss the train, with no one to wake me up.
沒人叫我,我會錯過火車的。
The river with grass and flowers on both sides runs through our schoolyard.
這條兩岸長滿鮮花和綠草的河正從我們校園穿過。
With the examinations over, we had a long time to rest.
考試結束了,我們有一段長長的時間可以休息。
4. 有些慣用的分詞短語在句里可以沒有邏輯上的主語而獨立存在,它們往往作為句子的獨立成分來修飾全句。如:generally/strictly/roughly/broadly/narrowly speaking、judging from/by、considering、supposing、providing、provided等。例:
Talking of the computer, I like it very much.
談到電腦,我非常喜歡。
Considering the time, we have decided to start early tomorrow morning.
考慮到時間,我們已經決定明天一早出發。
(來源:朗閣培訓中心)
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