關于《中共中央關于全面深化改革若干重大問題的決定》的說明
Explanatory Notes for the 'Decision of the CCCPC on Some Major Issues Concerning Comprehensively Deepening the Reform'
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| 全會決定提出了健全城鄉發展一體化體制機制的改革舉措。一是加快構建新型農業經營體系。主要是堅持家庭經營在農業中的基礎性地位，鼓勵土地承包經營權在公開市場上向專業大戶、家庭農場、農民合作社、農業企業流轉，鼓勵農村發展合作經濟，鼓勵和引導工商資本到農村發展適合企業化經營的現代種養業，允許農民以土地承包經營權入股發展農業產業化經營等。二是賦予農民更多財產權利。主要是依法維護農民土地承包經營權，保障農民集體經濟組織成員權利，保障農戶宅基地用益物權，慎重穩妥推進農民住房財產權抵押、擔保、轉讓試點。三是推進城鄉要素平等交換和公共資源均衡配置。主要是保障農民工同工同酬，保障農民公平分享土地增值收益；完善農業保險制度；鼓勵社會資本投向農村建設，允許企業和社會組織在農村興辦各類事業；統籌城鄉義務教育資源均衡配置，整合城鄉居民基本養老保險制度、基本醫療保險制度，推進城鄉最低生活保障制度統籌發展，穩步推進城鎮基本公共服務常住人口全覆蓋，把進城落戶農民完全納入城鎮住房和社會保障體系。 | The Decision proposes a series of reform measures to improve the mechanisms and institutions for integrated development of urban and rural areas: One, accelerating the building of a new type of agricultural operation system. We will maintain the dominant status of family operation in agriculture; encourage the transfer of contracted land-use right to big, specialized operators, family farms, farmers' cooperatives and agricultural enterprises; encourage rural areas to develop the cooperative economy; encourage and guide industrial and commercial capital to invest in rural areas to develop modern planting and breeding industries suited for commercialized management; and allow farmers to develop industrialized operation of agriculture by becoming shareholders using their contracted land-use right, among other measures. Two, endowing farmers with more property rights. We will protect farmers' contracted land-use rights by law, safeguard the rights and interests of farmers as the members of collective economic organizations, ensure rural households' homestead usufruct, and select several pilot areas to steadily and prudently push forward the mortgage, guarantee and transfer of farmers' residential property rights. Three, promoting equal exchanges of factors of production and balanced allocation of public resources between urban and rural areas. We will ensure migrant workers receive equal pay for equal work, and ensure farmers equally share the gains from added value of land; improve the agricultural insurance system; encourage investment in rural development, and permit enterprises and social organizations to start all kinds of undertakings in rural areas; make a balanced allocation of compulsory education resources between urban and rural areas, integrate the basic old-age insurance and health-care insurance systems of urban and rural residents, and improve the balanced development of the minimum living allowance system in both urban and rural areas; and steadily make basic urban public services available to all permanent residents in cities, and incorporate farmers who have registered as urban residents into the urban housing and social security network. |
| 第五，關于推進協商民主廣泛多層制度化發展。協商民主是我國社會主義民主政治的特有形式和獨特優勢，是黨的群眾路線在政治領域的重要體現。推進協商民主，有利于完善人民有序政治參與、密切黨同人民群眾的血肉聯系、促進決策科學化民主化。 | Five, promoting wide, multi-tiered and institutionalized consultative democracy. Consultative democracy is a unique form and distinctive advantage of China's socialist democracy, and an important embodiment of the Party's mass line in the political field. Promoting consultative democracy is conducive to improving the people's orderly participation in political affairs, strengthening the ties between the Party and the people, and promoting scientific and democratic decision-making. |
| 全會決定把推進協商民主廣泛多層制度化發展作為政治體制改革的重要內容，強調在黨的領導下，以經濟社會發展重大問題和涉及群眾切身利益的實際問題為內容，在全社會開展廣泛協商，堅持協商于決策之前和決策實施之中。要構建程序合理、環節完整的協商民主體系，拓寬國家政權機關、政協組織、黨派團體、基層組織、社會組織的協商渠道；深入開展立法協商、行政協商、民主協商、參政協商、社會協商；發揮統一戰線在協商民主中的重要作用，發揮人民政協作為協商民主重要渠道作用，完善人民政協制度體系，規范協商內容、協商程序，拓展協商民主形式，更加活躍有序地組織專題協商、對口協商、界別協商、提案辦理協商，增加協商密度，提高協商成效。 | Promoting wide, multi-tiered and institutionalized consultative democracy is an important content of political restructuring as stipulated in the Decision. It stresses that, under the leadership of the Party, China will promote consultation throughout society with regard to major issues of economic and social development and practical issues closely related to the interests of the people, and adhere to the principle of consultation before policy-making and during policy implementation. We will build a consultative democracy featuring appropriate procedures and complete segments to expand the consultation channels of the organs of state power, committees of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, political parties, and community-level and social organizations; conduct intensive consultations on issues relating to legislation, administration, democracy, political participation and social problems; give full play to the important role of the united front in consultative democracy, make the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference serve as a major channel for conducting consultative democracy, improve the system of the CPPCC, specifying the contents and procedures for consultation, increase the forms of consultative democracy, and more actively carry out consultations on particular topics, and with specialists and representatives from all sectors of society, and with the relevant government departments on the handling of proposals, to improve the intensity and effectiveness of the consultations. |
| 第六，關于改革司法體制和運行機制。司法體制是政治體制的重要組成部分。這些年來，群眾對司法不公的意見比較集中，司法公信力不足很大程度上與司法體制和工作機制不合理有關。 | Six, reforming the judiciary and its operation mechanism. The judiciary is an important component of the political system. Miscarriage of justice has been a major concern of the people in recent years, and the judiciary suffers a lack of credibility largely due to its current system and operation mechanism, which need improvement. |
| 司法改革是這次全面深化改革的重點之一。全會決定提出了一系列相互關聯的新舉措，包括改革司法管理體制，推動省以下地方法院、檢察院人財物統一管理，探索建立與行政區劃適當分離的司法管轄制度；健全司法權力運行機制，完善主審法官、合議庭辦案責任制，讓審判者裁判、由裁判者負責；嚴格規范減刑、假釋、保外就醫程序；健全錯案防止、糾正、責任追究機制，嚴格實行非法證據排除規則；建立涉法涉訴信訪依法終結制度；廢止勞動教養制度，完善對違法犯罪行為的懲治和矯正法律，等等。 | Judiciary reform is one of the key points in deepening reform comprehensively. The Decision puts forward a series of new and related measures in the following aspects: reform of the judicial management system, unification of the management of staff, funds and properties of courts and procuratorates below the provincial level and exploration of ways to establish a judicial jurisdiction system that is appropriately separated from the administrative divisions; improvement of the mechanism for the use of judicial power; improvement of the responsibility system for handling cases by the presiding judge and the collegiate bench, by which the judges hand down verdicts and the collegiate bench is responsible for carrying them out; strict regulation of the procedures of sentence commuting, release on parole and medical parole; improvement of the mechanism for preventing and correcting wrong cases and the accountability system, and strict implementation of the rule banning illegal evidence; establishment of a conclusion system in accordance with the law for complaints in the form of letters and petitions involving legal issues; and abolition of the Laojiao (or re-education through labor system) and improvement of laws for the punishment and correction of unlawful and criminal acts. |
| 這些改革舉措，對確保司法機關依法獨立行使審判權和檢察權、健全權責明晰的司法權力運行機制、提高司法透明度和公信力、更好保障人權都具有重要意義。 | These measures are of vital significance for ensuring that judicial departments independently exercise their judicial and procuratorial powers according to law, improving the judicial power operation mechanism in which rights and responsibilities are clear, improving judicial transparency and credibility, and safeguarding human rights. |
| 第七，關于健全反腐敗領導體制和工作機制。反腐敗問題一直是黨內外議論較多的問題。目前的問題主要是，反腐敗機構職能分散、形不成合力，有些案件難以堅決查辦，腐敗案件頻發卻責任追究不夠。 | Seven, improving leading and working mechanisms for anti-corruption efforts. Fighting corruption has always been a widely discussed topic inside and outside the Party. We are now mainly challenged in the following problems: Anti-corruption forces performing functions separately makes it difficult to build up synergy; some cases are not dealt with resolutely; and the accountability system is too lax to handle reoccurring corruption cases. |
| 全會決定對加強反腐敗體制機制創新和制度保障進行了重點部署。主要是加強黨對黨風廉政建設和反腐敗工作統一領導，明確黨委負主體責任、紀委負監督責任，制定實施切實可行的責任追究制度；健全反腐敗領導體制和工作機制，改革和完善各級反腐敗協調小組職能，規定查辦腐敗案件以上級紀委領導為主；體現強化上級紀委對下級紀委的領導，規定線索處置和案件查辦在向同級黨委報告的同時必須向上級紀委報告；全面落實中央紀委向中央一級黨和國家機關派駐紀檢機構，改進中央和省區市巡視制度，做到對地方、部門、企事業單位全覆蓋。 | The Decision lays out plans for promoting innovation in the anti-corruption mechanisms and institutions, and strengthening institutional guarantees. The main points are: Strengthening the Party's unified leadership to build a clean and honest government and combat corruption; ensuring that the Party committees shoulder the major responsibility and the commission for discipline inspection takes the responsibility for supervision, and working out and implementing a feasible accountability system; improving the leading and working mechanisms for anti-corruption efforts, reforming and improving the function of anti-corruption coordination groups at all levels, and leaving the investigation of corruption cases mainly to commissions for discipline inspection of higher levels; strengthening the leadership role of the higher levels over the lower levels of the discipline inspection commissions, and the simultaneous reporting of the related investigation process to the Party committee at the same level and the commission for discipline inspection at the next-higher level; and fully ensuring that the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection dispatch resident discipline inspection agencies to the central-level departments of the Party and the government, and improving the discipline inspector system at both the central and local levels, so that it covers all regions, all sectors, and all enterprises and public institutions. |
| 這些措施都是在總結實踐經驗、吸收各方面意見的基礎上提出來的。 | All these measures are based on past experience and the opinions of various groups and individuals. |
| 第八，關于加快完善互聯網管理領導體制。網絡和信息安全牽涉到國家安全和社會穩定，是我們面臨的新的綜合性挑戰。 | Eight, accelerating the improvement of the leadership for the management of the Internet. Internet and information security bear on national security and social stability, and pose new challenges for us in many aspects. |
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