《2013年中國人權事業的進展》白皮書
White Paper: Progress in China's Human Rights in 2013
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調整字號大小: 
| 八、環境權利 | VIII. Right to a Clean and Healthy Environment |
| 2013年，中國針對高速發展帶來的環境和生態問題，繼續大力推進生態文明建設，不斷建立健全環境保護制度體系，增強環境治理和生態保護力度，以解決損害群眾健康的突出環境問題為重點，嚴肅查處懲戒污染環境的違法和犯罪行為，保障人民享有良好環境的權利。 | Aiming to solve the environmental and ecological problems caused by the country's rapid economic growth, the Chinese government continued to promote ecological progress in 2013, constantly improving environmental protection systems and enhancing environmental management and ecosystem preservation. Focusing on solving the major environmental problems that seriously endanger people's health, it investigated and punished harshly illegal pollution and environmental crimes, so as to safeguard people's right to a healthy and clean environment. |
| 生態環境保護的規劃和機制進一步完善。國家制定和實施《化學品環境風險防控“十二五”規劃》、《大氣污染防治行動計劃》、《京津冀及周邊地區落實大氣污染防治行動計劃實施細則》、《京津冀及周邊地區重污染天氣監測預警方案》、《華北平原地下水污染防治工作方案》、《關于加強國家重點生態功能區環境保護和管理的意見》、《實行最嚴格水資源管理制度考核辦法》、《關于加快推進水生態文明建設工作的意見》等一系列環境保護文件。發布國家環保標準135項，使現行有效國家環保標準達1,499項。 | The planning and mechanisms for protecting the environment and ecosystems is being furthered improved. China formulated and implemented a series of policy documents and plans for environmental protection, including the Prevention and Control of Environmental Risks of Chemical Products, during the 12th Five-year Plan Period (2011-2015), Action Plan for Preventing and Controlling Air Pollution, Detailed Rules for the Implementation of the Action Plan for Preventing and Controlling Air Pollution in Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei and the Surrounding Areas, Plan for Monitoring and Early-warning of Heavily Polluted Weather in Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei and the Surrounding Areas, Work Plan for Preventing and Controlling Groundwater Pollution in the North China Plain, Opinions on Strengthening Environmental Protection and Management in Key National Ecological Function Zones, Methods for Assessing the Implementation of the Strictest Management System of Water Resources and Opinions on Accelerating Progress in Water Ecological Systems. With 135 newly issued items in 2013, China had a total of 1,499 items of national criteria for environmental protection currently in effect. |
| 國家環境保護部與31個省（區、市）簽訂了大氣污染防治目標責任書。推進環保重點城市和環保模范城市PM2.5監測點建設。2013年完成西部大開發戰略環境影響評估，啟動中部地區發展戰略環境影響評估。對重點控制區火電、鋼鐵、石化、水泥、有色、化工等六大行業以及燃煤鍋爐項目執行大氣污染物特別排放限值。環保部、保監會聯合制定了《關于開展環境污染強制責任保險試點工作的指導意見》，規定涉重金屬企業、按地方有關規定已被納入投保范圍的企業、其他高環境風險企業3類企業必須強制投保社會環境污染強制責任險。啟動第二批10個省（區）環境功能區劃編制試點，在內蒙古、江西、廣西和湖北4省（區）開展生態紅線劃定技術試點。建立全國大氣污染防治部際協調機制、長三角區域和京津冀及周邊地區大氣污染防治協作機制。水資源管理責任與考核制度進一步推進和落實。建立最嚴格水資源管理制度考核組，31個省（區、市）建立行政首長負責制，“三條紅線”考核指標分解工作基本完成。啟動《水資源保護規劃》編制，完成重要江河湖泊水功能區納污能力核定，提出了分階段限排方案。 | The Ministry of Environmental Protection of China has signed target responsibility agreements for preventing and combating air pollution with 31 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government). The Chinese government has promoted the building of PM2.5 monitoring stations in key and model cities for environmental protection. It completed the assessment of environmental impacts of the western China development strategy in 2013, and launched the assessment of environmental impacts of the central China development strategies. Limitations on air pollutants were imposed for the thermal power, steel, petrochemical, cement, non-ferrous metal and chemical engineering industries as well as coal-fired boiler projects in key control areas. The Ministry of Environmental Protection and China Insurance Regulatory Commission jointly developed the Guidelines for the Pilot Projects of Compulsory Environmental Pollution Liability Insurance, stipulating that enterprises connected with heavy metals, enterprises that had been insured according to local regulations and other high-environmental-risk enterprises must take out environmental pollution liability insurance. The second stage of experiments in environmental function zoning was launched in ten provinces (autonomous regions), and the experiment for ecological red-line demarcation technology was launched in Inner Mongolia, Jiangxi, Guangxi and Hubei. The state set up an inter-ministry coordination mechanism for preventing and controlling air pollution and a cooperative mechanism for preventing and controlling air pollution in Yangtze River Delta areas and Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei and the surrounding areas. The liability and assessment system for water resources management was put into effect. Inspection teams for the implementation of the strictest management system of water resources was set up in 31 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government), with the local government head assuming responsibility. The targets of the "three red lines" (for water resources exploitation, water efficiency and pollution in water-related zones) were further divided and assigned. China began devising the Plan of Water Resources Protection, finished the measurement of assimilative capacities of major rivers and lakes, and proposed a phased schedule for emission limitations. |
| 生態環境保護投入進一步加大。2013年全國財政節能環保投入3,383億元，同比增長14.2%。制定實施《國家環境監管能力建設“十二五”規劃》。開展水質較好湖泊生態環境保護試點，中央投入資金16億元。國務院審議通過了《水質較好湖泊生態環境保護總體規劃（2013年－2020年）》。國家重點生態功能區轉移支付資金達423億元，范圍擴大到492個縣。中央財政投入25億元用于重金屬污染治理，首批投入50億元大氣污染防治專項資金支持北京、天津、河北、山西、山東、內蒙古等六省（區、市）治理大氣污染，投入60億元專項資金支持農村環境綜合整治。 | Funds used for environmental protection is being increased. The Chinese government provided some 338.3 billion yuan in 2013 for conserving energy and protecting the environment, seeing a 14.2 percent year-on-year growth. The Plan of Capability Development in Environmental Monitoring during the 12th Five-year Plan Period was drawn up and implemented. The central government put 1.6 billion yuan into a pilot project for protecting the environment and ecosystems of lakes with good water quality. The State Council reviewed and passed the Overall Plan for Protecting the Environment and Ecosystems of Lakes with Good Water Quality (2013-2020). The transfer payment for key ecological function zones reached 42.3 billion yuan, covering 492 counties. The central government also spent 2.5 billion yuan on combating heavy metal pollution, the first portion of five billion yuan used to support air pollution control in Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shanxi, Shandong and Inner Mongolia, and six billion yuan used to improve the comprehensive environment in rural areas. |
| 環境保護措施進一步加強。2013年,全國新建國家級自然保護區21處，已有海南、黑龍江、安徽等16個省（區）開展生態省（區）建設，1,000多個市（縣）開展生態市（縣）建設，建成國家級生態市（縣）55個、國家級生態鄉鎮2,986個。在全國46個城市（區）啟動水生態文明城市建設。全國城市園林綠地面積達到2,367,842公頃，綠化覆蓋率達39.59%，人均公園綠地面積達12.26平方米。在第一批74個城市496個監測點位實時發布細顆粒物（PM2.5）等六項污染物監測數據的同時，完成第二批116個城市開展細顆粒物（PM2.5）等污染物監測點位的建設任務，并開始實時發布監測數據。深化重點流域水污染防治。加強流域水資源保護，啟動國家水資源監控能力建設項目，建設取用水戶、水功能區、省界斷面共1.4萬個國控監測點，對全國175個重要飲用水水源地實現在線監測，使全國70%以上的許可取用水量、80%以上的重要水功能區、重要省際河流省界斷面水質情況得到有效監測。制定《水功能區管理辦法》，強化分級分類監管。七大水系的577個水質監測斷面中，Ⅰ－Ⅲ類水質斷面占66.7%，劣Ⅴ類占10.8%，分別比2012年上升2.6個百分點，下降1.5個百分點。 | Environmental protection measures are being furthered enhanced. In 2013 China set up 21 national nature reserves. Some 16 provinces (autonomous regions), including Hainan, Heilongjiang and Anhui, launched the Ecosystem-friendly Province (autonomous region) Project and over 1,000 cities (counties) launched the Ecosystem-friendly City (county) Project, with a total of 55 national-level ecosystem-friendly cities (counties) and 2,986 national-level ecosystem-friendly townships being set up. In addition, 46 cities (districts) launched the Water Ecosystem-friendly City Project. China's urban green areas reached 2,367,842 ha, covering 39.59 percent of the total urban land, with the per capita green area in public parks being 12.26 sq m. When 496 monitoring stations in 74 cities gave real-time updates of monitoring data of six pollutants, including fine particles (PM2.5 particles), a second batch of 116 cities were also building pollutant-monitoring stations and began providing real-time updates. The state deepened the prevention and control of water pollution in key basin areas. In order to strengthen water resources protection in basin areas, it launched the projects to enhance water resources monitoring capacity, established 14,000 national monitoring stations in water-consuming units, water function zones and provincial borders, and achieved online water-quality monitoring in 175 key drinking water source areas, so as to put water quality of over 70 percent of water volumes used with permission, 80 percent of key water function zones and all major inter-provincial and boundary rivers under surveillance. The state formulated the Management Measures of Water Function Zones, enhancing classified and categorized supervision and management. Among 577 water-quality monitoring sections in China's seven major river systems, 66.7 percent of water sections were graded in categories I-III, and 10.8 percent were graded as inferior category V, an increase of 2.6 percentage points and a decrease of 1.5 percentage points, respectively, compared with 2012. |
| 以大氣污染防治為重點，大力推進工程減排。2013年以來，中國中東部地區多次出現大范圍霧霾天氣，引起全社會廣泛關注。2013年9月，國務院發布《大氣污染防治行動計劃》，提出減少污染物排放、推進產業結構優化升級、加快企業技術改造、調整能源結構、嚴格節能環保準入等35項具體措施，建立區域污染聯防聯控機制，妥善應對重污染天氣，動員全社會力量參與大氣保護行動，大力開展大氣污染防治工作，治理霧霾。2013年，全國3400萬千瓦現役火電機組脫硫設施實施增容改造，燃煤電廠脫硫機組比例超過90%；新增脫硝機組2.05億千瓦，脫硝機組比例占全國火電總裝機容量的50%；2.03億千瓦現役火電機組拆除脫硫設施的煙氣旁路，無煙氣旁路運行的脫硫機組占全國火電總裝機容量的46%；5.7億噸水泥熟料產能新建脫硝設施，已實施脫硝的水泥熟料產能占全國總產能的50%。2013年，化學需氧量、氨氮、二氧化硫、氮氧化物四項主要污染物分別同比下降2.93%、3.14%、3.48%、4.72%，其中氮氧化物排放量首次降至2010年減排基數以下。2013年全國新增城鎮（含建制鎮、工業園區）污水日處理能力1,194萬噸，全國設市城市生活垃圾無害化處理率達到84.8%。 | Aiming to prevent and control air pollution, projects of emission-reduction by means of updating facilities are being greatly boosted. The large-scale smog in China's central and eastern areas since 2013 has caused great concern of the public. The State Council issued the Action Plan for Preventing and Controlling Air Pollution in September 2013, imposing 35 concrete measures, including reducing the emission of air contaminants, upgrading the industrial structure, speeding up enterprises' technical transformation, optimizing the energy mix, and applying strict criteria for energy conservation and environmental protection. China established a joint prevention and control system for regional pollution, promptly reacted to severe pollution days, mobilized the whole of society to participate in the actions of maintaining clean air, promoted air pollution control and reduced smog. In 2013 the desulfurization facilities of the active thermal power generating units with a capacity of 34 million kw were retrofitted to increase capacity, and the ratio of generating units with desulfurization facilities came to account for 90 percent of all generating units in China's coal-fired thermal power stations. A capacity of 205 million kw were retrofitted with generating units with NOx reduction facilities in the year, reaching 50 percent of China's total thermal installed capacity. The gas bypass of desulfurization facilities of thermal power generating units with a capacity of 203 million kw was cancelled, with the capacity of desulfurization generating units without gas bypasses accounting for 46 percent of the total thermal power installed capacity. Cement clinker plants with a capacity of 570 million tons were retrofitted with NOx reduction facilities, accounting for 50 percent of the total capacity. The emissions of four major pollutants-organic pollutants (measured by chemical oxygen demand), ammonia nitrogen, sulfur dioxide and NOx-decreased by 2.93 percent, 3.14 percent, 3.48 percent and 4.72 percent, respectively, compared with 2012, with the emission of NOx dropping below the 2010 reduction benchmark for the first time. The daily sewage treatment capacity in towns (including both incorporated towns and industrial parks) increased by 11.94 million tons in 2013, and 84.8 percent of the garbage in cities at all levels was made harmless after treatment. |
| 開展環保專項檢查，打擊環境污染犯罪。2013年，全國共出動執法人員183萬余人（次），檢查企業71萬余家（次），查處環境違法問題6,499件，掛牌督辦1,523件。對2012年度重金屬規劃實施情況考核不合格省份16個地市實行環評限批。新處置鉻渣30余萬噸，基本實現鉻渣當年產生當年利用處置完畢。阻止17批次固體廢物非法入境。2013年1月1日實施的修訂后的民事訴訟法確立了環境公益訴訟制度，明確規定對環境污染、侵害眾多消費者合法權益等損害社會公共利益的行為，法律規定的機關和有關組織可以向人民法院提起訴訟。2013年6月，最高人民法院、最高人民檢察院發布《關于辦理環境污染刑事案件適用法律若干問題的解釋》，從嚴打擊環境污染犯罪，并對環境監管部門的“監管失職罪”規定了追加處罰措施。2013年，全國公安機關共立案偵查環境污染案件779起，抓獲犯罪嫌疑人1,265名。全國各級檢察院起訴重大環境污染事故、非法采礦、盜伐濫伐林木等犯罪嫌疑人20,969人，在環境監管、污染治理、生態修復工程建設等領域查辦職務犯罪1,290人，并通過督促起訴、檢察建議等方式推動相關部門依法履行對環境資源的監管職責。全國各級人民法院共受理環境污染犯罪案件134件，審結104件，依法追究刑事責任139人。最高人民法院還通報了紫金礦業集團紫金山金銅礦重大環境污染事故案、云南陽宗海重大環境污染事故案、重慶云光化工有限公司污染環境案以及胡文標、丁月生投放危險物質污染環境犯罪等典型案件。 | Specialized environmental-protection inspections are being conducted, and environmental crimes are being cracked down on. Some 1.83 million law-enforcement personnel were sent to inspect 710,000 enterprises in 2013, investigating and dealing with 6,499 cases of environmental violation and illegal activities, and handling 1,523 cases within a set time limit under the supervision of higher authorities. The central government paused project environmental approvals of 16 cities in the provinces that had failed the 2012 examination of the implementation of the Plan for Preventing and Controlling of Heavy Metal Pollution during the 12th Five-year Plan Period. More than 300,000 tons of chromium slag was treated in the year, almost equal the total discharged volume, and 17 batches of solid waste were prevented from illegal entry. The revised Civil Procedure Law, which went into force January 1, 2013, established the environment-related public interest litigation system, stipulating that law-designated governmental organs and organizations can legally challenge activities that damage the public interest, such as those polluting the environment and those infringing consumers' lawful rights and interests. According to the Interpretation of Several Issues Concerning the Application of the Law in the Handling of Criminal Cases of Environmental Pollution jointly issued by the Supreme People's Court and the Supreme People's Procuratorate in June 2013, environmental crimes will be harshly punished, and the environmental regulatory authorities' misprisions in environmental monitoring will be liable to extra punishment. In 2013 public security organs all over China filed 779 environmental cases and roped in 1,265 criminal suspects; people's procuratorates at all levels charged 20,969 suspects with major contamination accidents, illegally mining or illegally felling trees, investigated 1,290 officials for work-related crimes in projects concerning environmental monitoring, pollution control and ecosystems restoration, and required related government departments to fulfil their statutory duty of supervision according to law by means of prosecutorial advice and urging them to bring to light illegal conduct; people's courts at all levels accepted and heard 134 environmental cases, with 104 concluded, and applied criminal sanctions to 139 persons. Moreover, the Supreme People's Court announced such typical cases of environmental-pollution crimes as the Zijin Mining Group's pollution spill at the Zijinshan Gold and Copper Mine, pollution accidents of Chengjiang Jinye Industry and Trade Co., Ltd. in Yunnan, a pollution accident of Yunguang Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. in Chongqing, and the dumping of hazardous substances by Hu Wenbiao and Ding Yuesheng. |
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